Clinical Dentistry (Russia)

Evaluation of the effect of osteopathic treatment on the postural balance of patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction at the stages of dental rehabilitation

A.M. Nesterov — 2025-09-21

So far, it has not been possible to develop an effective algorithm for the treatment of TMJ dysfunction, which confirms the need to search for new, more effective methods. This requires an interdisciplinary approach to diagnosis and therapy to achieve stable results. Objective: to assess the effect of osteopathic treatment on the postural balance of patients with TMJ dysfunction at the stages of dental rehabilitation.
Materials and methods.
A total of 49 patients (36 women, 13 men) aged 18 to 59 years with TMJ dysfunction without damage to the integrity of the dentition were examined. The postural balance of patients was assessed at the stages of rehabilitation using a stabilometric platform.
Results.
It was established that osteopathic correction led to the elimination of the effect of tooth closure on posture. In the group where dental rehabilitation was carried out without osteopathic support, no significant changes were found. This allows us to conclude that untimely dental treatment does not affect these indicators and the effect of tooth closure on the posture remains.
Conclusion.
The conducted studies confirm the need for osteopathic correction before the start of dental treatment of patients with TMD. The elimination of extraocclusal influences reduced the level of mutual influence of the dentoalveolar and musculoskeletal systems as a whole.

Masseter and temporal muscle electromyographic activity change in patients after orthognathic surgery

A.S. Migachev — 2025-09-21

Jaw size and position abnormalities are a widespread pathology of the maxillofacial region. Orthognathic surgery is in many cases the only and/or optimal treatment method in such patients. Surgical intervention aimed at changing the spatial relationships of the jaws changes the functioning of the entire stomatognathic system, primarily affects the masticatory muscle group. Functional state of masseter and temporal muscles can be objectively assessed by superficial electromyography.
Materials and methods.
A total of 29 patients with skeletal abnormalities of the jaws (skeletal classes II and III) were included in the study. The control group consisted of 30 healthy volunteers. Superficial electromyography was performed in patients before surgery, 3 and 6 months after.
Results.
In the postoperative period, an increase in the EMG activity of the temporal muscles was found at 3 and 6 months after surgery compared to the values before surgery. A decrease in the activity of the masticatory muscles proper was also found at a period of 3 months after surgery with a gradual increase in activity after 6 months (however, the values did not reach the indicators before surgery).
Conclusion.
Orthognathic surgery has a significant impact on the functioning of the masticatory muscle group. Longer follow-up is required to assess the long-term effect of surgical treatment of jaw abnormalities in size and position on the masseter muscle group.

Clinical experience in the splint therapy of patients with TMJ dysfunction. Part I. Diagnostics

A.N. Ryakhovsky — 2025-09-21

At a clinical appointment, dentists increasingly have to deal with patients complains on TMJ dysfunction. The treatment of such patients is a rather difficult clinical task, due to the confusing clinical symptoms and the need of rather complex additional research methods, to which not all doctors have access and an adequate level of knowledge of the topic. Aim of this study is to summarize our own experience in the treatment and prevention of TMJ dysfunction, to create a simple clinical classification of the stages of dysfunction proceed and to develop treatment algorithms corresponding to this classification.
Material and methods.
We treated 196 patients (44 men and 152 women) aged 17 to 58 years with signs of TMJ dysfunction. All patients were divided into subgroups according to the proposed classification of stages of dysfunction. TMJ diagnosis was carried out mainly by CBCT analysis in Avantis3D software.
Results.
A clinical classification of TMJ dysfunction has been developed. Conservative treatment of TMJ dysfunction using different splints was based on this classification. The results obtained confirmed the high efficiency.

Molar-incisor hypomineralization: an overview of current concepts, diagnosis, and treatment options

E.O. Bochkovskaya — 2025-09-21

Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a disturbance of enamel mineralization affecting the first permanent molars and incisors. The term was first introduced by Weerheijm et al. in 2001. Current research shows that MIH prevalence varies from 2.3% to 40,7% depending on the region and diagnostic criteria. This review of current understanding is based on systematic analysis of publications over the past 10 years, including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical studies. Data from the European and American Academies of Pediatric Dentistry, national research, as well as original studies on clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of MIH were utilized. Despite active study of MIH, unresolved questions remain regarding the precise mechanisms of disease development, standardization of diagnosis, and development of optimal therapeutic strategies. Future research should focus on clarifying etiological factors, improving diagnostic methods, and finding new approaches to therapy.

Analysis of the prevalence the infantile type of swallowing and its correlation with dental morphology in children with mixed dentition (literature review)

M.A. Postnikov — 2025-09-21

The aim was to investigate the prevalence of the infantile type of swallowing in a school age children and adolescents, and its influence to formation and structure of malocclusions in mixed dentition. The analysis of the Russian and foreign sources on the given subject published during the recent years in the following bases: Researchgate, Semantic scholar, PubMed and eLibrary was conducted. In the Russian Federation and abroad, over the past decade, there has been no the tendency to decrease of the orofacial myofunctional disorders in children with mixed dentition, which leads to increase and changing in the expressiveness of malocclusions at sagittal, transverse and vertical planes in growing patients. However, the question remains open, if the tongue dysfunction would lead to malocclusions or, the opposite, it adapts to local changes in oral cavity.
Conclusion.
The lack of a decrease the prevalence of functional disorders in children’s dentofacial system provides a reason for creating a multidisciplinary protocol for the orthodontists and related specialists with the purpose to prevent development of the malocclusions and changing in their structure in growing patients.

The quality of dental care for children in Omsk (Russia)

G.I. Skripkina — 2025-09-21

In the Omsk region, there is a massive prevalence of dental caries in children of all age groups — 81%, the caries intensity is 4.0. A high frequency of periodontal diseases has also been established, reaching 70%. The highest percentage of deformities and dental anomalies was found in the children’s population of the northern districts of the Omsk region and is equal to 64%. At the same time, the highest prevalence is in 5—6 years of age (68.6%). As a result of the conducted research, a low level of dental care for the children’s population of the region has been established in terms of quantitative and qualitative indicators. The high incidence of dental caries in children of the Omsk region is associated with the low content of fluoride ions in drinking water and the lack of a preventive focus in the dental service of the region, which necessitates the development and implementation of a regional program for the prevention of dental diseases and the inclusion of mandatory medical examinations of the pediatric population at the dentist.

Prevention of major dental diseases using calcium glycerophosphate, magnesium chloride and a gel-like coating based on poviargol in adolescents with arterial hypertension

L.R. Kolesnikova — 2025-09-21

The article presents data characterizing the dental status of adolescents with arterial hypertension and the control group. The study included 130 adolescents aged 10 to 17 years, from among patients who went to the Clinic of the Scientific Center for Emergency Medicine, as well as schoolchildren who underwent a routine medical examination. The purpose of the study was to study the state of the dental status of adolescents with arterial hypertension and, based on the results obtained, to develop a set of treatment and preventive measures to increase its level. The dental examination provided an idea of the frequency of occurrence of the main oral diseases in the compared groups of adolescents. It can be seen that the dental health of patients with AG was significantly worse than that of the control group.

Characterization of the gram-positive bacterial profile in the oral fluid of HIV-infected patients diagnosed with oral candidiasis

O.P. Galkina — 2025-09-21

The health of the oral microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall health of HIV-infected patients. Alterations in the oral microbiota constitute a key factor contributing to the development of oral candidiasis. Contemporary studies have largely focused on describing microbial changes without providing an integrated understanding of their clinical implications, highlighting the need for comprehensive research to identify specific interaction patterns and assessing their impact on disease progression. The aim of this study is to determine the quantitative and qualitative composition of Gram-positive bacteria in the oral fluid of HIV-infected patients with diagnosed oral candidiasis.
Materials and methods.
The study enrolled 31 HIV-positive patients with confirmed oral candidiasis (study group) and 35 apparently healthy individuals (control group). The microbiome of unstimulated whole saliva was analyzed by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC—MS) as described by G.A. Osipov.
Results.
In HIV-positive patients, the colonization density was markedly increased for Enterococcus spp. (157.8%), Streptococcus spp. (102%), Streptococcus mutans (85.4%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (100%), Staphylococcus aureus (303.5%), Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (21.6%), Propionibacterium acnes (127.2%), and Eubacterium spp. (122.8%). The expansion of these taxa, which correlated with the overgrowth of Candida spp., is explained by their capacity to form mixed biofilms and to secrete enzymes and organic acids that modify pH and substrate composition, thereby facilitating fungal colonization and increasing the risk of dental caries. Concomitantly, a sharp decline or complete elimination was recorded for Bacillus cereus (−100%), Clostridium spp. (−88.4%), Nocardia spp. (−86.4%), Lactobacillus spp. (−66.1%), Bifidobacterium spp. (−72.9%), and Actinomyces spp. (−100%). The reduction of these bacterial consortia likely reflects the loss of normally produced organic acids, metabolites, and bacteriocins that restrain Candida growth; their removal weakens the ecosystem, promoting fungal colonization and proliferation.
Conclusion.
HIV-infected patients with diagnosed oral candidiasis exhibit pronounced dysbiosis of the oral cavity. In the microbial landscape of Gram-positive bacteria in the oral fluid, there is a critical reduction of several taxa—including Bacillus cereus, Clostridium spp., Nocardia spp., Rhodococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Propionibacterium jensenii, Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridium ramosum—up to complete elimination. Additionally, HIV-infected patients with oral candidiasis show an increased proportion of opportunistic pathogens such as Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, as well as Candida genus.

Evaluation of the degree of significance of occlusal disorders in periodontal diseases based on clinical and functional research

V.S. Tlustenko — 2025-09-21

The main etiologic factor of periodontitis according to modern concepts is bacterial action followed by the immune response of the body and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Genetic predisposition, lifestyle, and concomitant pathology complicate the course of the disease. Other risk factors include occlusal disorders leading to traumatic overload of the periodontium. However, to date, there are no convincing studies revealing the role and nature of occlusal factors influencing the development of periodontitis. The aim of the study is to assess the significance of occlusal disorders in the development of chronic generalized periodontitis of mild severity.
Materials and methods.
An observational study was conducted involving 45 people aged 25 to 45 years with identified occlusal disorders of the supercontact type in static and dynamic occlusions. The main group included 25 individuals with occlusal interferences against the background of chronic generalized periodontitis of mild severity, the comparison group consisted of 20 individuals with identified occlusal interferences without established periodontal pathology. To assess the condition of the periodontium, hygienic and periodontal indices were used, occlusal analysis was performed, the bioelectrical activity of the masticatory muscles was assessed using surface electromyography, and microcirculation in the periodontal tissues was studied using the rheoparodontography method.
Results.
According to the results of the study, the hygienic indices of individuals in the main group reflected an unsatisfactory level of oral hygiene, periodontal indices had significantly higher values in the main group. Rheographic characteristics of the microcirculatory bed showed statistically highly significant differences between the groups: the rheographic index was lower in the main group and amounted to 51.2±20.8 mΩ, in the comparison group — 82.5±14.8 mΩ (p<0.001). The vascular tone index and the peripheral resistance index were higher in the main group and amounted to 19.31% and 96.11%, respectively, in the comparison group — 14.48% and 76.62% (p<0.001), respectively. According to the results of the functional test with maximum compression in habitual occlusion, highly significant differences in the symmetry coefficients of opposite muscles on each side were established in the main group and the comparison group: for the right side, Td/Md was 0.64 and 0.75 (p=0.009), respectively, for the left, Ts/Ms was 0.68 and 0.79 (p=0.008), respectively.
Conclusion.
According to the data obtained, occlusal interferences in some cases cause changes in the microhemodynamics of the intact periodontium, but are compensated in most cases by its reserve forces. In the presence of an inflammatory process in the periodontium, occlusal disorders can be considered as a potential aggravating risk factor.

Individual selection of interdental brushes using a web service

A.I. Zakharova — 2025-09-21

The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the INTERDENTALBRUSHES.ONLINE web service for individual selection of interdental brushes in patients with chronic periodontitis.
Materials and methods.
The randomized controlled trial included 42 patients with mild to moderate chronic periodontitis aged 35 to 65 years, divided into 4 groups: I — individually selected interdental brushes using the web service (n=12); II — self-selected brushes (n=10); III — without using brushes, only toothbrush, floss, and irrigator (n=10); IV — individually selected brushes using traditional paper-based recommendations (n=10). Brush selection was carried out using an IAP (Interdental Access Probe) with color coding. Clinical effectiveness was assessed using OHI-S, Mühlemann, and Russell indices at 2 weeks, 1 and 3 months after starting the study. Time spent on brush selection and patient adherence to recommendations were also evaluated.
Results.
After 3 months, Group I showed a statistically significant reduction in all indices compared to other groups: OHI-S from 2.5±0.3 to 0.5±0.2, Mühlemann index from 2.1±0.8 to 0.4±0.1, and Russell index from 4.5±0.9 to 1.2±0.3 (p<0.001). The use of the web service reduced brush selection time from 7.6±1.2 to 3.1±0.7 minutes (p<0.001) and increased patient adherence to recommendations to 83% versus 60% when using traditional paper-based recommendations (p<0.05).
Conclusion.
The use of a web service for individual selection of interdental brushes significantly improves the effectiveness of therapeutic and preventive measures in patients with chronic periodontitis by reducing the time spent on selecting hygiene products, increasing patient adherence to recommendations, and improving clinical indicators of periodontal tissue health.

General therapeutic and instrumental principles of modern endodontics

A.V. Zoryan — 2025-09-21

Currently, in the clinical practice of an endodontist for root canal treatment, there are several medications with different properties and a number of methods of mechanical treatment and active irrigation that help improve the quality of antiseptic treatment. However, there remains uncertainty about the choice of an effective combination of irrigation solutions, mechanical treatment of the root canal, temporary filling materials and activation methods. Objectives: to review the literature in order to determine the most effective combination of temporary filling materials, irrigation solutions and instruments for root canal cleaning. This analytical analysis and the study of literature sources have shown that the use of rotary endodontic instruments in the treatment process reduces the risk of extrusion of debris into the periapical region, and sodium hypochlorite with chelating agents in combination with instrumental activation can maximally effectively clean the complex root canal system from the lubricated layer and temporary filling materials. A review of the literature, which examined the use of temporary filling materials containing calcium hydroxide, showed that viscous-based materials have optimal antibacterial properties and easy extraction from the root canal.

Prospects of bacterial cellulose application in dentistry (review of foreign literature)

Yu.V. Lunitsyna — 2025-09-21

The article provides an overview of modern literature sources on bacterial cellulose, which, being a natural biopolymer, has unique physico-chemical properties such as high purity, excellent mechanical strength and biocompatibility, absorbent properties, which makes it in demand in various fields of medicine: as wound coatings, in tissue engineering and transplantation, etc. In dentistry, bacterial cellulose manifests itself in several ways. In periodontics, it is used to regenerate gum tissue and bone structures. In endodontics, to preserve the viability of the pulp, to create effective absorbers and sillers. In implantology, bacterial cellulose can be applied during sinus lifting surgery. It is also effective in the treatment of diseases of the oral mucosa due to its barrier and protective properties, contributing to the healing of ulcers and erosions.
Conclusion.
The article highlights the potential and prospects for the development of dental products and preparations based on bacterial cellulose.

SEM evaluation of surface roughness variations in milled ceramic laminate veneers exposed to glazing and thermocycling

F.R. Ahmedbeyli — 2025-09-21

CAD/CAM technologies represent one of the most rapidly advancing areas in digital restorative dentistry. This in vitro study aimed to investigate the effects of glazing and thermocycling on the surface roughness characteristics of four distinct milled CAD/CAM ceramic materials. Aim —to assess the effects of glazing and thermocycling on the surface roughness of four different types of CAD/CAM ceramic laminate veneers. The null hypothesis was that a statistically significant difference would exist in surface roughness between glazed and unglazed specimens across all four ceramic materials tested.
Materials and methods.
As part of the investigation, 80 CAD/CAM ceramic veneer samples were milled using CAD/CAM system. The processing occurred after scanning of the first right typodont incisor of the upper jaw model prepared with the palatal chamfer preparation design without approximal involvement (KaVo, Germany) via an Omnicam scanner. Four different CAD/CAM ceramic materials were evaluated in this study: lithium disilicate IPS E.max CAD (Ivoclar, Germany), leucite-reinforced ceramic IPS Empress CAD (Ivoclar), feldspathic ceramic Cerec (Dentsply Sirona, Germany), and hybrid ceramic Cerasmart (GC, Japan). The 80 samples were categorized into four groups (20 in each); each group was further subdivided into glazed and nonglazed subgroups, with 10 samples in each subgroup. All specimens underwent 10,000 thermal cycles. The surface roughness values were evaluated at three stages: post-milling, post-glazing, and post-thermocycling. Scanning electron microscope images (magnifications of 100x, 250x, 500x, and 1000x) were captured for each material before glazing and after thermocycling.
Results.
Significant differences in surface roughness values were observed among materials after glazing and thermocycling. Surface roughness notably decreased following glazing. Significantly higher surface roughness values were observed in the Cerec group compared to Cerasmart, Empress, and E.max groups (p<0.05). Analysis of the glazed surfaces after thermocycling also revealed significant differences among the groups (p<0.05). Tamhane‘s T2 post-hoc test revealed that the Cerec group exhibited significantly higher surface roughness values compared to Cerasmart, Empress, and E.max after thermocycling (p<0.05). For non-glazed samples, thermocycling similarly led to higher surface roughness values in the Cerec group compared to the other three groups (p<0.05). These findings highlight the effects of glazing and thermocycling on the surface roughness of CAD/CAM ceramic materials, reflecting their clinical behavior.
Conclusion.
There were statistically significant differences in surface roughness between glazed and non-glazed CAD/CAM materials. Among the tested materials, the Cerec group consistently showed higher roughness values compared to Cerasmart, Empress, and E.max (p<0.05). Glazing and thermocycling significantly influenced the surface roughness of all groups.

Determination of adhesive characteristics of creams for fixing removable dentures

I.R. Tskhovrebov — 2025-09-21

Oral diseases remain a global health problem, and with the continued high prevalence of adentia, the key unresolved issue remains improving the fixation efficiency of removable dentures using adhesive materials. The aim is to evaluate the adhesive strength of dental creams to polymethyl methacrylate and photopolymer used in the technology of removable dentures.
Materials and methods.
The tests involved 9 samples of dental cream: 5 samples of Corega of different compositions and 4 other samples. The adhesive strength of dental creams was compared when two surfaces were glued together: the first surface was silicone rubber, and the second surface (substrate) was polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or a photopolymer for additive manufacturing of removable dentures bases (3D). The shear, tensile, and peel strengths were measured. A total of 11 experiments were conducted, including tests to determine the onset of adhesion and the optimal thickness.
Results.
The best shear results were shown by the “PresiDENT” samples for PMMA and “Corega: maximum fixation + comfort” for 3D photopolymer (2.24 and 2.12 kPa), the “Whiteberg” samples for PMMA and “Corega maximum fixation + comfort” samples for 3D photopolymer (30.3 and 28.7 kPa), for rupture. The separation is a “Whiteberg” sample for both PMMA structural materials and a photopolymer (1160 and 1158 kPa). In experiments to determine the onset of adhesion (after exposure for 3 minutes) and the completion of adhesive strength (after exposure for 12 hours), a higher strength value was also found in the “Whiteberg” sample (PMMA and 3D), in the Corega segment — samples with the composition “extrasensory fixation” (PMMA) and “maximum fixation + comfort” (PMMA and 3D). The assessment of the adhesive strength of creams depending on the thickness of the studied layer showed that in the presence of a gap of 100 microns, the value of the indicator in all samples drops sharply and then weakly correlates with an increase in the gap.
Conclusions.
Among Corega creams, the cream “Maximum fixation + comfort” showed the best result in shear and tear tests. In tear tests, two formulations are characterized by the same strength — “Maximum fixation + comfort” and “Extra-strong fixation”. Of the formulations from other manufacturers, 2 creams showed results comparable to Corega in all tests — these are “Whiteberg” and “PresiDENT”.

Effect of adding copper oxide nanoparticles on tensile strength and elongation percentage of self-cure soft liners used in prosthodontics

Y.N. Al-Mohammad — 2025-09-21

Even though polymers are the primary material used in soft liners because of compatibility, chemical inactivity, and easy usage, several properties deteriorate with time and usage, rendering replacement of prostheses unavoidable (every 6—12 months). Multiple studies have been conducted to improve the properties of soft liners, such as tear and tensile strengths, and to retain these properties as long as possible to withstand aging and disinfection. Aim of study: Evaluating the influence of adding copper oxide (II) CuO nanoparticles (40 nm) to the soft liner on tensile strength and elongation percentage.
Materials and methods.
Nano-CuO in 1% (wt.) was selected to be added to the self-cured soft liner. A total of 40 specimens were qualified according to the manufacturer and standardization; 20 specimens were tested for the control group, 20 for the modified one, 10 for the tensile strength test, and 10 for the elongation percentage. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to check whether a chemical interaction would occur between the nano-CuO and the soft liner.
Results.
The average value of tensile strength of soft liner was recorded to be 1.437 MPa before the addition of nano-CuO soft liner, and it was recorded to be 1.808 MPa after enforcement, a significant difference between groups before and after the addition of nano-CuO (p=0.023). The elongation percentage of the liner had a mean value of 461%. The non-significant decrease was documented (p=0.912). The tensile strength was significantly improved, while the elongation percentage was non-significantly decreased.
Conclusion.
Incorporating CuO nanoparticles into the soft liner had increased the tensile strength and decreased the elongation percentage. There was no chemical interaction between the nano powder and the soft liner (only physical dispersion).

Dynamic electrical nerve stimulation as part of rehabilitation in patients with maxillomandibular size and position abnormalities

A.S. Migachev — 2025-09-21

Orthognathic surgery is an invasive procedure accompanied by: impaired sensitivity of the n. alveolaris inferior, severe edema, limited mouth opening and pain. Therefore, an important element of treatment is rehabilitation of patients at the postoperative stage. The goal is to develop and justify the use of the dynamic electrical nerve stimulation (DENS) method to improve the efficiency of rehabilitation of patients after orthognathic surgeries.
Materials and methods.
The study involved 58 patients with skeletal class II (group II) and class III (group III) malocclusions according to Angle’s classification, who were treated at the clinic. During the study, 2 patients were excluded. Patients of the studied subgroups IIA (n=11) and IIIA (n=16) underwent DENS therapy. Patients of the control subgroups IIB (n=13) and IIIB (n=16) underwent standard postoperative rehabilitation. The effectiveness of DENS was assessed by measuring maximal mouth opening and pain intensity using VAS.
Results.
After 1 month, maximal mouth opening was significantly greater in group IIA compared with group IIB (14.9 mm vs. 10.0 mm, p<0.05). Similarly, group IIIA showed greater improvement compared with group IIIB (18.3 mm vs. 13.1 mm, p<0.05). Three months after the operation, patients of group IIA retained a statistically significant greater mouth opening (40.2 versus 36.8 mm; p<0.05). According to the results of pain assessment, patients in subgroups A showed statistically significantly better indicators than patients of the control subgroups B: on the 3rd day after surgery IIA group — 4.3 points, IIB — 5.9 points, IIIA group — 4.8 points, IIIB — 6.2 points; a week after surgery IIA group — 2.4 points, IIB — 3.9 points, IIIA group — 2.1 points, IIIB — 2.9 points; 1 month after surgery IIA group — 1.4 points, IIB — 2.3 points, IIIA group — 1.4 points, IIIB — 2.4 points (p<0.05).
Conclusion.
Dynamic electrical stimulation has a positive effect on the recovery process of patients after orthognathic surgeries: it reduces the level of pain on the visual analogue scale and promotes faster recovery of the maximum mouth opening. Further research is needed to formulate recommendations and optimize the use of DENS in patients after orthognathic surgery.

The use of osteoplastic material in the form of a paste during sinus lifting surgery with reconstruction of the alveolar process of the upper jaw

A.A. Chueva — 2025-09-21

The article presents an assessment of the effectiveness of using paste-like osteoplastic material in sinus lifting with reconstruction of the alveolar process of the upper jaw. The rationale for the advantages of osteoplastic paste in comparison with traditional forms of materials intended for bone augmentation is given. The experience of clinical practice is taken into account. A promising method for using the material under study in the treatment of patients with the corresponding maxillofacial defect is proposed.

Comparison of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy membrane prototypes for bone defect repair made by laser sintering and electron beam melting

A.A. Dolgalev — 2025-09-21

A comparative analysis of the microstructure and mechanical properties of guided bone regeneration frame membranes made from Ti6Al4V titanium alloy powder using 3D printing technology is presented in this paper. Two different methods were used to produce the samples: direct laser sintering of metals (DMLS) and electron beam melting (EBM). The plates, measuring 30×10×1 mm, were formed from layers 30 µm thick. The surface morphology of the samples was studied at both the micro and macro levels using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning impulse acoustic microscopy (SIAM). Biocompatibility was assessed both in vitro with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) cultures and in vivo with laboratory animals. Mechanical properties were evaluated using a three-point bending test, which revealed differences in surface profile depth that was 100 and 150 µm for the DMLS and EBM correspondingly. Samples produced using DMLS technology demonstrated higher strength 2,180±20.7 MPa and elasticity 53,449±200 MPa than those produced by EBM strength 1500±26.1 and elasticity 25,633±125 MPa, according to the results of the mechanical tests. A more active proliferation of MSCs was observed in vitro in the DMLS samples, which was 70% higher compared to EMB and the control group. The bone tissue response to both types of titanium implants was good, with high levels of osseointegration, as confirmed by X-ray microtomography (µCT).

Preservation of the removed tooth well as a stage of preparation for prosthetics based on dental implants

N.V. Khmeleva — 2025-09-21

Preservation of jaw bone volume after tooth extraction is extremely important for predictable orthopedic treatment based on dental implants. Objective — using the example of the Bioplast-Dent group of preparations (VladMiVa, Russia) to study the data on preserving the height and width of the socket of an extracted tooth by preserving the bone defect with osteoplastic materials based on demineralized bone collagen in combination with a collagen matrix.
Materials and methods.
A study was conducted in 35 patients who were shown to remove teeth with subsequent delayed implantation. The comparison group included 18 patients who did not have well preservation after removal. The height and width of the wells were estimated from CBCT data before tooth extraction and after 12—14 weeks. On the coronary section of the tomogram, the height of the wells was measured by plotting segments from the mandibular canal, the bottom of the maxillary sinus or nasal cavity to the edge of the tooth socket from the vestibular, palatal, lingual surfaces. The measurement of the width of the wells was carried out on the axial section of the tomogram in the widest zone of the well. In the coronary section of the tomogram, the segments that are the height of the palatal/lingual and vestibular walls of the well, the width of the well was plotted so as to form a triangle. Further, in the zone of the “triangle”, the thickness of the alveolar process on the upper jaws and the alveolar part on the lower jaw in the middle third of the tooth socket was measured.
Results.
In the upper incisors and canines, premolars of the upper and lower jaws and in the molars of the lower jaw, the preservation of the height of the bone walls of the wells was, on average, more than 90% of the original. A decrease in horizontal dimensions was noted to a greater extent in the area of the second molars, but in all cases, the horizontal dimensions of the wells allowed the installation of dental implants of a standard size of 4.0 mm or more.
Conclusion.
The use of domestic materials “Bioplast-Dent” is effective in preserving the socket of the removed tooth. It allows you to preserve the volume of bone tissue (height and width) and create favorable conditions for the installation of dental implants of standard diameter.

Biocompatibility study of coatings obtained by atomic layer deposition on titanium implants made of various alloys

A.A. Dolgalev — 2025-09-21

Restoration of bone tissue following trauma, congenital defects, or tumor resection remains one of the key challenges in medicine. Traditional autotransplantation methods are limited by donor material availability and the invasive nature of tissue harvesting. This has driven research into biocompatible materials that mimic bone tissue, particularly those based on titanium and its alloys. However, while pure titanium lacks sufficient mechanical strength, alloys (e.g., Ti6Al4V) may exhibit inferior biocompatibility due to aluminum and vanadium impurities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nanoscale titanium dioxide (TiO2) coatings, deposited via atomic layer deposition (ALD), on the biocompatibility of titanium implants for maxillofacial surgery. Samples made of VT6 alloy (Grade5) were fabricated using selective laser sintering (SLS) and electron beam melting (EBM) techniques, followed by application of 25 nm TiO2 coatings. Elemental analysis revealed titanium oxidation (27.4% oxygen content) in SLS-produced samples, while EBM samples showed no oxidation. The TiO2 coating reduced surface concentrations of aluminum and vanadium, thereby enhancing biocompatibility. Testing with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) demonstrated that coated samples increased nucleic acid content in the secretome by 6—11% compared to control (Grade2 titanium) and by 22—27% compared to uncoated VT6 alloy.
Conclusions.
Additive manufacturing technologies (SLS and EBM) improve the biocompatibility of VT6 alloy (Grade5). 25 nm TiO2 coatings further enhance osseointegration properties. The ALD method effectively creates barrier layers that mitigate migration of harmful impurities.

Application of the root shield technique in immediate dental implantation (literature review)

G.V. Khachatrian — 2025-09-21

An analysis of literature data on the clinical effectiveness of the root shield technique in immediate dental implantation in an aesthetically significant area was conducted. The treatment approach, during which only part of the root is removed (partial extraction), includes the use of the “socket shield” and “pontic shield” techniques. To preserve the alveolar ridge and soft tissues of the oral cavity, the root submergence technique is also used, which has recently been increasingly used in performing dental implantation (DI). This method is usually used when performing implantation in the anterior region of the upper jaw in order to improve the aesthetic result of the treatment. Indications for the use of the Socket Shield technique are: the presence of vertical fractures; a tooth that cannot be restored and requires extraction; immediate implant placement; preservation of the alveolar ridge, in particular to prevent bucco-palatal collapse and to preserve the papillae or soft tissue around the implant. The main criteria for the effectiveness of the Socket Shield technique are implant survival and complication rate. Complications include severe pain, swelling, shield or implant displacement, peri-implantitis, loss of marginal bone tissue and shield resorption. Most studies have shown that the use of the shield method allows achieving a better aesthetic result compared to other methods, since it results in less pronounced alveolar bone resorption.
Conclusions.
Overall, the use of the shield technique is a promising method of DI, as it leads to higher DI efficacy rates: better bone volume preservation than with standard approaches, better aesthetic treatment outcome rates, and higher patient satisfaction with the performed DI. Further randomized clinical trials are needed to obtain strong evidence to recommend the use of this technique compared to traditional DI methods with immediate implantation.

Changes in the position of the larynx relatively to the external base of the skull during some physiological movements of the head and neck

E.M. Trunin — 2025-09-21

Surgical interventions in the oropharyngeal zone and on the anatomical structures of the laryngeal entrance, especially its posterior sections, still present significant difficulties due to the difficult surgical access for performing the required volume of surgical manipulations. A large number of surgical approaches proposed for operating in this zone — transoral, various types of pharyngotomies, lateral and median mandibulotomy, resection of both jaws (bimaxillary resection) indicate the absence of a definitive solution to this surgical problem. Therefore, intraoperative physiological changes in the position of the patient’s head can contribute to improving the key parameters of surgical approaches to the oropharyngeal zone and the structures of the laryngeal entrance by increasing the working space when performing manipulations in the area of interest, and new information on the intravital positional anatomy of the larynx will become a source of development of surgery for diseases of this complex anatomical zone. Purpose of the study — to obtain information on lifetime changes in the position of the larynx relative to the external base of the skull during some physiological movements of the head and neck.
Materials and methods.
The material for the work was the data obtained as a result of anthropometric measurements and magnetic resonance imaging of the neck of 100 healthy, randomly selected individuals (55 women and 45 men) who agreed to participate in the research project. The lifetime topography of the larynx was studied in the standard anatomical position of the body, with a fully flexed (extended) neck and with head turns depending on the gender and constitutional characteristics of the subject.
Results.
When measuring in different positions the distances from the most lateral points of the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage on the right and left and from the center of the most medial point of the posterior surface of the cricoid arch to the reference point on the base of the skull (the most medial point of the foramen magnum), the following changes were revealed. During neck flexion, the distances from the most medial point of the foramen magnum edge to the most lateral points of the thyroid cartilage (on the right and left) decrease. The greatest changes were found in the group of dolichomorph males — by 26%. At the same time, during neck flexion, the distance from the reference point on the base of the skull to the center of the most medial point of the posterior surface of the cricoid cartilage arch increases in almost all examined groups. A more significant increase is observed in males with a mesomorphic body type — by 18.9%. Neck extension has different effects on the transformation of the distances from the base of the skull to the reference points on the main cartilages of the larynx. In most of our observations, the above intervals increase. The greatest increase in the length of the segment from the reference point to the center of the most medial point of the posterior surface of the cricoid cartilage arch was observed in women with a brachymorphic body type — by 10.6%. At the same time, the distance to the lateral part of the thyroid cartilage on the right in brachymorph males, on the contrary, decreases, by a maximum of 21.3%. Turning the head to the left and to the right in most of the examined groups leads to a decrease in all measured distances. When turning the head to the left, the greatest changes in the form of a decrease in the studied distances in relation to the left half of the thyroid cartilage were recorded in men with a brachymorphic body type — by 17.8%. When turning the head to the right in relation to the right half of the thyroid cartilage in the group of examined dolichomorph males, the decrease in the length of the studied distance was 25%.
Conclusion.
The intravital positional anatomy of the larynx was studied relative to the reference point on the outer surface of the base of the skull, depending on the gender and constitutional characteristics of the examined person, which significantly expands the information on the topographic anatomy of this organ and the anterior neck as a whole.

Normal morphology of the temporomandibular joint soft-tissue (literature review)

I.S. Naidanova — 2025-09-21

The aim of this review is to examine current concepts regarding the morphological characteristics of the soft tissue components of the adult human temporomandibular joint (TMJ) under normal conditions. A literature search was conducted in the scientific electronic library eLibrary and the international electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. Forty-four scientific publications with a publication date not exceeding 15 years were selected for detailed analysis. The article provides a description of the anatomy, histological structure and biochemical composition of the soft tissue elements of the temporomandibular joint: the articular capsule, articular disc, synovial fluid, capsular ligaments and retrodiscal tissues.

Putative measurement for alarming orthopantomogram relationship between mandibular third molar and inferior alveolar canal proved by CBCT: A cross-sectional study

A.I. Alnuaimy — 2025-09-21

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides three-dimensional assessment of the relationship between mandibular third molars (MTMs) and the inferior alveolar canal (IAC). It is crucial for reducing post-operative surgical complications. However, it might not be always available. However, orthopantomograms (OPG) remain the first-line investigation and help determine the need for further CBCT evaluation. Objective — to determine possible alarming OPG radiographic features in terms of the relationship between imparted lower third molar and IAC.
Materials and methods.
Total 85 patients with 113 mandibular third molars were evaluated. OPG images were examined according to Rood and Shehab’s criteria. Root deflection, root darkening, and interruption of the white line were identified. Then, all cases underwent further examination with CBCT to determine the spatial relationship between MTMs and IAC and measure the distance between them. The results were classified into safe (≥2 mm) and high-risk (<2 mm) groups.
Results.
According to OPG results, root deflection was the most common radiographic sign (53.1%), followed by root darkening (38%) and interruption of the white line (8.8%). The IAC was most frequently positioned buccally (49.5%), followed by inferiorly (31.8%) and lingually (18.5%) in CBCT imaging. A strong connection was noticed between the OPG radiographic signs and CBCT-measured distances. Of the 113 MTMs, 59.3% were categorized as high risk (<2 mm), comprising 47.8% root deflection. The root darkening was more frequently correlated with the safe distance group (33.6%).
Conclusion.
Despite that OPG findings can predict the nature of the relationship between IAC and MTM, it is not useful in assessing the distance. However, it can be suggested that root deflection in the OPG radiograph might carry more nerve injury risk than other radiographic findings. This is based on the fact that distance of ≤2 mm between the MTM and the IAC would increase the risk of nerve injury.

The principles of controlling the effectiveness of instrument disinfection in dentistry

S.N. Kerasov — 2025-09-21

Dental clinical practice creates an extremely high risk of developing and transmitting nosocomial infections and requires special attention to their prevention and control. In this paper we analyze the data of current literature characterizing the features of measures for instruments disinfection in dentistry and ways to control its effectiveness. Disinfection of medical instruments occupies one of the leading places in the system of measures for the prevention of cross-infection among doctors, patients and service personnel. The need to analyze this system of measures in modern dentistry is associated with a significant improvement in the technological provision of dental care to the patient, an increase in the level of knowledge in the field of its influence on the possibility of infectious agents transmission, the emergence of new methods of sterilization and disinfection and control of their microbiological effectiveness.
Conclusions.
The peculiarities of modern approaches to instruments disinfection in dentistry are determined by the invasive nature of therapeutic measures, as well as the need to adapt methods of sterilization, disinfection, and their microbiological control to the composition, design, and purpose of the instruments.

Justification of the antiradical, antimicrobial, and antifungal effect of an adhesive agent containing cetyldimonium chloride and choline salicylate in the complex local treatment of recurrent oral aphthae. A clinical and experimental study

I.N. Usmanova — 2025-09-21

The antiradical, antimicrobial and antifungal effects of the adhesive agent “Cholisal®”, containing cetyldimonium chloride and choline salicylate, were investigated within the complex local treatment of recurrent oral aphthae occurring against the background of clinical manifestations of classical and mediated hypersecretory gastrointestinal diseases.
Materials and methods.
The study included 58 young patients presenting with aphthous lesions on the mucous membrane of the oral vestibule. The examination consisted of measuring pH in samples of unstimulated mixed saliva and assessing free radical oxidation using chemiluminescence. The species composition of the microbiota on the surface of aphthous lesions was evaluated. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the microbiota was performed using sectorial culturing on selective differential diagnostic media. In an in vitro experiment, the antioxidant effect of choline salicylate in saliva samples and the sensitivity of studied bacterial strains to cetyldimonium chloride were assessed using the disk diffusion method on different culture media.
Results.
Antiseptic treatment of the aphthous lesion surface with “Cholisal®” gel exhibited pronounced antiseptic, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties. In samples of unstimulated saliva, the “Cholisal®” gel demonstrated significant antioxidant effect due to choline salicylate, reducing all chemiluminescence parameters, with the most prominent effect observed in patients with aphthous lesions on the oral vestibule mucosa against the background of chronic secondary biliary pancreatitis and hyperacid gastric secretion (p<0.05). Disk diffusion tests in vitro on Petri dishes showed significant growth inhibition zones (measured in millimeters) indicating bacterial sensitivity to cetyldimonium chloride. Candida spp. showed sensitive and highly sensitive growth inhibition in 90% of cases (15—25 mm, >25 mm), with 10% showing resistance (<15 mm). For Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp., a sensitive growth inhibition zone of 15—25 mm was observed in 74.5% and 67% of cases respectively, with 25.5% and 33% showing resistance (>15 mm). The measured sizes of inhibition zones confirm the pronounced antibacterial effect of “Cholisal®” gel on the microbiota of the aphthous lesion surface.
Conclusion.
Including “Cholisal®” gel containing choline salicylate and cetyldimonium chloride in the complex local treatment of aphthous lesions helps normalize pH and free radical oxidation in unstimulated mixed saliva samples. It also modulates the microbiota composition on the aphthous lesion surface through a significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal effect, which is critical for enhancing epithelialization and regeneration of the oral vestibule mucosa in the complex local treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (K12.0).